Analysis of The Hollow Men by T.S. Eliot Essay - 1367 Words

Analysis of The Hollow Men by T.S. Eliot Eliot, a master of the written craft, carefully thought out each aspect of his 1925 poem The Hollow Men. Many differences in interpretation exist for Eliots complex poetry. One issue never debated is the extensive range of things to consider in his TS Eliots writing. Because TS Eliot often intertwined his writing by having one piece relate to another The Hollow Men is sometimes considered a mere appendage to The Waste Land. The Hollow Men, however, proves to have many offerings for a reader in and among itself. The epigraph contains two pertinent references (http). First, Mistah Kurtz -- he dead is an allusion to Conrads Heart of Darkness. In his novella, Conrad portrays the†¦show more content†¦Although difficult to discern exactly what is going on and where in the poem, the reader easily perceives the overall feeling of the hopelessness in just the opening lines, We are the hollow men / We are the stuffed men(lines 1-2) establish a grim feeling of emptiness. Images like This is the dead land / This is cactus land#8230;Under the twinkle of a fading star (lines 39-44) create a bleak, dry, desert land setting. The theme of the poem parallels those of Conrads Heart of Darkness (Smith). The degradation of ritual (religious or otherwise) and the emptiness or reduction of human to childish behavior is parallel concepts in both pieces. Part I of the poem describes the insignificance of the hollow men. Part I gives the vague setting and shows the request of the hollow men to be viewed as empty; Remember us#8230;not as lost / Violent souls [which Kurtz and Fawkes both were], but only / As the hollow men (lines 15-18). It also introduces two motifs, that of eyes and kingdom. Those who have crossed / With direct eyes, to deaths other Kingdom (line 13-14) is an allusion to Dantes Paradiso (Bowler). Kingdom with a capitalized K may refer to Heaven (although all references to a kingdom do not), and those with direct eyes are allowed to go there and become blessed. Eyes in the poem refer to those of Charon in Dantes Inferno (Williamson, 157). With the line, Eyes I dare not meet in dreams (line 19) theShow MoreRelatedT.S. Eliots View of the Human Condition in The Hollow Men Essay856 Words   |  4 Pages T. S. Eliot was a man who strongly believed that poetry should represent life. He knew that life was complex, so that is why his poetry was difficult to understand not only for students writing research papers, but also for critics. He was the backbone of modernist poetry, who wrote mostly about darkness, despair, and depression in life. He tried and succeeded to capture the torment of the world during World War 1 and World War II (Shmoop T.S. Eliot). Eliot’s view of the human condition isRead More The Hollow Men Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing, waiting to be judged. Without the fearlessness and faith to move on to the afterlife, they will spend eternity stuck in purgatory. When T. S. Eliot wrote â€Å"The Hollow Men,† he used symbolism, imagery, and repetition to share his insight to address the lack of courage and faith that plagues every human being. T. S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Hollow Men† is a dramatic monologue, free verse poem that consists of five parts that could be considered five separate poems. His use of â€Å"allegorically abstractRead More Futility of Life Exposed in T.S. Eliots The Hollow Men Essay1973 Words   |  8 PagesFutility of Life Exposed in T.S. Eliots The Hollow Men      Ã‚   The Hollow Men, by T.S Eliot, is a reflection on the emptiness, futility and misery of modern life. It is also a reflection on the problems involved in human communication, and on the meaning (or lack of it) to life. Eliot uses religious and desert symbolism, biblical and literary allusions, repetition, parody and deliberately sparse, controlled language to convey the themes of the poem. The poem opens with two epigraphsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Hollow Men753 Words   |  4 PagesA Short Analysis and Discussion for the piece: The Hollow Men In various occasions, the human race tends to make several mistakes throughout the span of their lives. In the poem, The Hollow Men, written by Thomas Stearns Eliot, is not exactly the most uplifting of poetic literature. Although, the poem does have some underlying value to its notion; it emphasizes moral values, responsibility, and a depiction of the aftermath of World War I. T.S. Eliot depicts the poem’s message into five sections;Read MoreEssay on Emptiness in The Hollow Men2815 Words   |  12 PagesEmptiness in The Hollow Men  Ã‚     Ã‚   After Eliot had published The Waste Land, he felt as though he had not been able to fully convey the sense of desperation and emptiness in that work. Beginning with Doris’s Dream Songs and Eyes I Last Saw in Tears, he explored these themes, eventually uniting all such poems in The Hollow Men. The end product is a work that, unlike The Waste Land and its ultimate chance for redemption, has only the indelible emptiness of the hollow men as its conclusionRead MoreAnalysis Of Eliot s Poem The Waste Land 1401 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Stearns Eliot, an American scholar, sophisticated, diverse, and also poetic genius claimed by both the United States and England, is the twentieth century s touchstone author. Thomas had a problem with religion, as noted by his poem â€Å"Journey of the Magi,† and eventually converted from Anglicanism (â€Å"T. S. Eliot: His Religion, His Poetry, His Roles†). First published in 1922, T.S. Eliot s poem The Waste Land is a maj or work of modern literature. His poem is written in the aftermath of theRead MoreEssay Biography of T.S. Eliot4139 Words   |  17 PagesBiography of T.S. Eliot T.S. Eliot changed the face of poetry. He has been regarded as the most celebrated poet of his era. This Nobel Prize winning poet is credited with viewing the world as it appears, without making any optimistic judgements. Despite the ire of Mr. Eliot, it would be safe to regard him as a prophet of doom. His works reflected his frustration with mankind, and the seeming need to be released from this cold world. It was once said, â€Å"How unpleasant to meet Mr. Eliot.† (Time 1)Read MoreModernist Elements in the Hollow Men7051 Words   |  29 PagesT.S.Eliot, The Hollow Men (95-98). The end of The Hollow Men can only be the beginning of a deep and long reflection for thoughtful readers. T.S. Eliot, who always believed that in his end is his beginning, died and left his verse full of hidden messages to be understood, and codes to be deciphered. It is this complexity, which is at the heart of modernism as a literary movement, that makes of Eliot’s poetry very typically modernist. As Ezra Pound once famously stated, Eliot truly did â€Å"modernizeRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Gertrude Stein Act2846 Words   |  12 Pagesand glittering Paris lights, but also as the defining label for an entire generation of doomed youth coming to age in a society deeply affected by World War I’s atrocities, characterized by hedonism, excess, and disillusionment with life itself. The men and women who were flung headfirst into the horrific violence of war, whether it be through serving king and country on the frontlines, nursing soldiers who had lost blood, limb s, or their minds, or even witnessing the horrors of war secondhand throughRead MoreThe Disillusionment of American Dream in Great Gatsby and Tender Is the Night19485 Words   |  78 Pagesdisillusionment of the American dream of the self-made young men in the 20th century. In this thesis, Fitzgerald’s two most important novels The Great Gatsby(2003) and Tender is the Night(2005) are analyzed. Both these two novels tell us the story of the pursuit and failure of the American dream of the young men in the twenties. Jay Gatsby is the central character of The Great Gatsby and Dick Diver is the counterpart of Tender Is the Night and both these two men fall in love with the beautiful and wealthy girls

Hinduism, Buddhism, And Classical Hinduism - 1299 Words

Hinduism is a very broad term that encompasses a multitude of different backgrounds, traditions, beliefs, and practices. Hinduism, as we know it today, has gone through many changes. To fully understand how Hinduism became as it is currently, knowledge of its development over the course of history is essential. This paper will demonstrate the primary shifts of its central beliefs, practices, and goals between periods of Early Vedic, Late Vedic, and Classical Hinduism. Many of the core beliefs of Hinduism have evolved over time, with some becoming increasingly clearer, and others going from merely an idea into full-fledged beliefs. Karma, Dharma, and the theory of Samsara and moksha are the core beliefs that almost all who define themselves as a practicer of Hinduism would accept. The belief of karma started out in the Early Vedic period merely as â€Å"ritualistic action or labor†. It transformed into a â€Å"moral law† that incorporated the idea that all actions have fruits, whether good or bad. â€Å"Action, which springs from the mind, from speech, and from the body, produces either good or evil results†. This concept of a law of karma where good actions yield good results, and bad in bad, extends from the Vedic idea of consequential action from the confines of the ritual to everyday life. Dharma has been, and continues to be, closely related to karma and samsara. In early Vedic religion, dharma was considered to be the performance, or obligation of Vedic ritual action. Dharma wasShow MoreRelatedComparing The Religions Of Hinduism And Buddhism Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesExam II #2. Compare and contrast the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. What were the essential differences between the two? What hope did they give to the common people of India ? Both Hinduism and Buddhism are prominent religions in the ancient and modern world. They are arguably two of the most popular polytheistic faiths as well. Most people make the mistake of grouping them as one uniform religion, but this is inaccurate. Buddhism and Hinduism do split some resemblance, but several aspectsRead MoreAncient Traditions Of Buddhism And Hinduism1260 Words   |  6 Pages The ancient traditions of Buddhism and Hinduism go far back in history and are both very revered and followed even up to today. They are similar in many ways but also very different in their worldviews and theology. The world is full of suffering and both Hinduism and Buddhism discuss ways to end that suffering through enlightenment. Buddhists believe in a place called nirvana, where suffering does not exist, and Hindus follow a path to reach liberation, or moksa. They both are a way to escapeRead MoreThe Clash of Secular Thought and Religion1647 Words   |  7 Pagesclash between secular thought and religion since its formation of societies in the classical age. Both have made an equal effect on the culture of each empire by influencing people to change their belief on the world. Major religions have made interactions, which affected some of their ideas for what they have become now. The major religions during the classical age are Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, Daoism, and Zoroastrianism. These religions also have similarities andRead MoreReligion and Violence Essay examples1081 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious tradition can make many generalisations. In this essay it will discuss why some religious traditions in South East Asia oppose violence. In addition the rejections of violence have shaped and changed religious practices within Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism. There have also been many generalisations about the above traditions. Moreover I will try and answer why non violence has become a generalisation and how it has impacted India as a whole. â€Å"The trauma of the attacks on the World Trade CentreRead MoreA Linguistic Term For Indo European And Indian History1164 Words   |  5 Pagespracticed including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism (Carr 2015; Lee 2007). The evolution of a religious culture in ancient India, out of which Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism emerged as three distinct religions, was a development of great importance in world history. Between them, these religions today have the allegiance of billions of people. (Time Maps 2015) Although the main two that had the biggest impact on the historical nature of Indian civilisation were Hinduism and Buddhism. The Aryans laidRead MoreThe History of Hinduism Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesoriginally given by foreign rulers and ultimately used by Europeans in the 1500s as the official name of the religion. History plays an important part of Hinduism because new developments reinterpret an update past practices rather than end them. The Hindu religion is broke down into three periods the Vedic period, the Upanishadic period, the classical period, and the devotional period. The Vedic period lasted from 1500 to 600 BCE. The Dravidian civilization was located in the Indus Valley of northwestRead MoreChinese and Indian Culture Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagesbehind them. Religion and philosophy The main religions in India are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Hinduism and Buddhism originated in India. Because the beliefs, gods, rituals and practices are so abundant, it is impossible to explain Hinduism. The label of Hindu was given to any native Indian who was not considered Christian or Muslim. The basic concepts of Hinduism are dharma, reincarnation, nirvana, yoga, and karma. Buddhism was founded by Siddartha Gautama. He was a Hindu who revolted againstRead MoreWhat Do The Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish And Christian Scriptures?1025 Words   |  5 Pagesof human suffering. This principle has been displayed in numerous scriptures, including the Talmud and the Midrash of Judaism, the Sutras of Buddhism, the New Testament of Christianity, and the Upanishads of Hinduism. From these guiding perspectives have grown modern-day attitudes and cultural behaviors regarding the practice of abortion. Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and Christianity each have distinct approaches and morally-based justifications for their position on abortion, however, they all shareRead MoreHindu and Buddhist Gender Roles and Ideals: the Household and Abstract Concepts1820 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Gender roles and ideals in Hinduism and Buddhism are diverse. A number of texts regarding household gender roles exist in Hindu traditions, and little to none are appear to exist in Buddhist traditions. The gendering of abstract concepts in both Hinduism and Buddhism may also occur. The cases sited indicate that male dominance is significantly more common than female dominance in ancient and Classical Hindu texts while regional variations may continue to exist. Buddhists appear to internalizeRead MoreHinduism and Buddhism Essay1888 Words   |  8 Pagessubsist. A religion known as Hinduism(s) can be described best as a â€Å"two room cottage†. Whenever Hinduism(s) originated, approximately around 1000 BCE, it started in India as something small and has progressively renovated with additions to new and changing concepts. Hinduism(s) has expanded all the way to the West, exhibiting it’s acceleration of growth as a religion. Following Hinduism(s) is the fourth largest religion, widely illustrated as cousins, is Buddhism. It is known to be the oldest missionary

Analysis of Sustainability using Organizational Theory Perspectives

Question: Critical evaluation of Modernist and Postmodernist to understand sustainability within organizations. Answer: Introduction This paper critically evaluates the theoretical situations and a different understanding of modernism and postmodernism of sustainability within organizations. The discussion is focussed on discourses nature (communication, knowledge and information) and role in social system. The talk of modernism lays on extraordinary yet human-centric criteria, for example, "advancement" and "reason" that has been diversely demonstrated by Habermas, Luhmann and Bell in their work. Conversely, postmodernism analyse social life as indeterminacy and paradox, therefore eliminating the human specialist as the focal point of normal control and comprehension (Bansal 2002). Being Specific, this paper is going to discuss about the strategies and policies of sustainability within the frame of modernism and postmodernism perspective of sustainable development. Different readings and case studies were thoroughly read and understood and the critical factors of implementing sustainability within organizations will be discussed in this paper based on the readings and research. The reason I choose modernist approach which is also known as interpretivist perspective to understand sustainability is, to gain a thorough understanding of a social phenomenon, as this approach considers the opposite ontological position of nominalism or subjectivism and states that it is impossible to understand social world completely without knowing and understanding the perspective of social actors. As per the Epistemological position of Modernist approach is concerned, it is anti-positivist and presumes knowledge can only be gained from those individuals who resides in particular culture. The reason to choose postmodernist approach is as it entire opposite philosophy to modernist approach and it will be feasible to compare both these approaches. Post-modernist hesitate to make permanent epistemological or ontological promises. According to a post-modernist if a particular position is set i.e. either epistemological or ontological it honours some forms of knowledge over others and hence they do not consider these policies. A Modernist vs. post-Modernist Interpretation of Sustainability The primary issues for organizations and firms emerging in 21st century are related to sustainable development. Consequently, various corporations are including sustainability elements in their businesses. Also, the organizations tracing and recording socio economic performance is growing. Till now, the understanding of sustainability in business has been very weak. Hence the research has been conducted on identifying the environmental strategys classes, investigating the relation between environmental performance and financial performance and an understanding of why firms must go green. If the environment factors continually be on the path of degrading than existence of humans on earth in the coming future will be a question of doubt. This study has been conducted in order to examine a theoretical approach to identify threats around sustainability in voluntary organizations with the help of modernism and revisionary post modernism, with a belief that under difficult coordination, even a little change could bring vast changes. Also, Organizations that are working at local levels could bring a change to their societies (Jacobs 2013). According to Burrell Sustainability advancement in redefines terms is about rethinking how are we living on the planet, by rethinking it as a procedure instead of a result, and needs changes in conduct over every societal division whether it is individuals, business or government. This perspective has been censured in light of the fact that it offers a majority of contending realistic discoursed that challenges the premise of important change. However Sterling proposes revisionary post modernism defeats this issue. Revised Post Modernism is a third order, biological perspective which perceives central embeddedness in more extensive common frameworks, and not at all like unrevisionary post modernism, it recognizes the idea of the 'entire', as a related example of operators associating amongst themselves and with surroundings. The "entire" is not a target certainty but rather a co-developed makeshift settlement. In this appreciation revisionary post innovation looks like complex framew orks hypothesis, in which a framework is characterized as an assortment of communicating, privately decided talks (Capra 2007). Conceptualizing Sustainability There are various contradicting views of sustainability and according to a modernist it could be summarised in three comprehensive world visions, the neoclassical perspective, ecological modernization and deep ecology. The perception through neoclassical view is predominant. Financial development is the main impetus of national needs, as progression develops the riches for venture, livelihood and innovative work. Advocates of this perspective trust that the 'breaking points to development' are exceptionally far off or does not exist. Usually, companies merely follow ecological changes in the event that it is to their greatest advantage, if enactment directs, because of pressure from partners, and/or to pick up or hold hierarchical authenticity. According to deep ecologists view the world's assets are deficient and à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nite to support boundless development. Unlimited financial progression debilitates the existence of every life on earth. An ecologist believes that the present levels of asset utilization are unmaintainable and are suspicious that technologists and markets could state concerns of natural corruption. The vision perspective of ecological modernizer is that they do not believe that development is always possible till end in the finite world; also they do not clearly say that there is an end to economic growth. While according to a post-modernist the complexity is not actually the idea of development through Sustainability rather it is the present dissertations around need for certainty, problem solving and linear analysis that should be reconsidered as the choices has been faced about whats to come. The humanity will have to learn about living with lack of control, ambiguity and diversity, where the only certainty is that every judgement will be the outcome of undefined information. Applications of Modernism and Post-Modernism view of Sustainability to organizations Modernist Perspective has a bad image as it believes in technology and science. The Modernism Effort was intrigued by the concept of machine, as is prove, example, by Le Corbusier's idea of the machine habiter or in his urban ventures for Algiers and Rio de Janeiro, a place where tall structures serves to convey interstates. The last are a definitive articulation of advancement, truly and allegorically (Anderson 1998). While an author Luhman who is a post-modernist outlined some features of the trending society that resembles to the complex system. Vast quantities of components (non-humans and humans), connecting progressively, various associations in a wide range of limits, non-direct co-operations in which the same bit of data affects diverse people, small distance collaborations decided locally with no meta-level control of data. Modernist believes that organizations are expanding its communications as well as social associations amongst representatives and different partners. Employees are 'attaching' with company gatherings, for example, green structure boards in addition to supply bunch gatherings, Also these are dynamic in outer supportability meetings and advisory groups. In any case, steady correspondence is a challenge. While correspondence through mails or personal is robust at plants, it is not same in marketing and sales groups. An individual remarked that the advancement of sustainability inside the association has 'lost a touch of force', and hence individuals' knowledge of interface working 'goes up and down'. While according to post-modernist many of the organizations are small in size, Etherington feels the third division grasps the way to mobilise community worry around sustainable development. The sectors capability as the manager of modifications is broadly perceived and this could unite individuals, can create opportunities for discussions about the ecosphere and explore differences. Division could initiate fresh issues and alternate points of view into provoking public debates, publicity of the policy debates, closeness to communities and citizens and also it could give voice to disenfranchise and this makes it more trustful than government or business. The sectors ability to inspire sustainable development is acknowledged by government. Numerous of corporations that are able to make up to the third sector are capable powers for a change in our society. Also for the fight against environmental change such powers are necessary. And it is known to everyone that if the climate changes it will impact worlds most vulnerable and poorest individuals first and rest later (Jacobs 2013). Despite the fact that there is a conviction that intentional corporations are critical operators of progression, unless voluntary corporations, their partners and the actors at local level recognise that they are the one who is the part of solution as well as the one who creates problem, it seems improbable that transformation will take place. This paper underwent through sharing methodology with shareholders group from unnatural corporations in an urban domain to reconnoitre self-knowledge about sustainability. While trying to create comprehensive accounts around sustainability through modernist and post-modernist approach which can empower neighborhood activity, the point was not to give complete results or arrangements, rather to produce an alternate sort of learning, a comprehension of the connections between the operators, non-humans and humans, in the framework to investigate how connections in an active framework could impact the system. Post-modernist methodology might benefit people in companies to perceive their part in the formation of society and to perceive the common habitat as a true blue partner, instead of an externality outside of their obligation (Jacobs 2013). While according to modernist methodology societal practice is not so far completely systematized in the commercial approach as there is a contention in dealing with representative's timings. Such as, as compare to previous couple of years this year has been less opportunities for extra activities. These different thoughts might add to a more extensive acknowledgment by corporations of requirement to involve sustainability in tasks and setups and assist them to investigate diverse methods for working at a local level that supports development of new thoughts. Hence its a challenge now that if anyone comes with some idea how we would really suit that given the amount of work we have on right now (Capra 2007). Recommendations Various other orientations to the spirit of innovation have been instituted amongst the makers of the Modernism Expansion. In Hans Wittwer's Bernau and Hannes Meyer exchange union university, for instance, the principle passage is set apart by the three fireplaces of the warming establishment, a stacking stage and a progression of carport entrywaysan exceptionally typical position of innovation undoubtedly (Anderson 1998). An author Droege Peter has aggressively accused modernist perspective and new municipal advancement for visual deficiency regarding their reliance on fossil assets. Regarding our explanatory system, Droege criticises Sassen Saskia as he did not considered the complete modular chain related to retrocipations, far into the material premise of our unpredictable social orders. Only after full recognition of true measurements of human reliability on fossil assets, and all the for the most part on biological community benefits, we might begin to recognize both the center issues and the conceivable answers for defeating them. It is just by completely perceiving the genuine measurements of our reliance on fossil assets, and all the more for the most part on biological community benefits, that we may begin to recognize both the center issues and the conceivable answers for defeating them. Such a leap forward is presently normally alluded to as a framework move, and various specialists concur on the conviction that such entire framework change is most extreme earnest. Seen from the modular investigation perspective, this requires the whole modular chain to be re-evaluated (Anderson 1998). The actual realisation after reading every journal is that modernism has been represented as main culprit for problems related to environment while it is in real a source of motivation and encouragement, and the reason is its appreciated legacy of emancipatory determinations. Conclusions The research in this paper has elaborated a dual argument. At one side we argued about modernism and postmodernism rather been considered as a threat should be treated as inspirational source. While at other side attempted to resolve the harsh extremity amongst the individuals who claim that sustainable development must overcome others and the individuals who expect that such a propensity would lead to techno critic attitudes that would leave aside all different worries of design. Closing the discussion, neither the research pretends to provide any extraordinary definition of sustainability not did it offers a thorough science-philosophical examination of current open deliberations. It was only aimed to highlight the importance of sustainability in organizations which was lacking somewhere. The paper also highlighted about how the use of postmodernism could simplify research in difficult situations. Postmodernism investigation might, hence, make us unrestricted, not to do everything we want to, but rather to re-establish to operators the totality of good decision and obligation whilst all the while denying us of the solace of the widespread direction that innovation guaranteed. References Capra F. (2007) The Web of Life: a new scientific understanding of living systems, Anchor Books, New York. Cilliers P. (2008) Complexity and Postmodernism: understanding complex systems, Routledge, London. Couldry, N. (2004) Actor Network Theory and the Media: do they connect and on what terms?, in Hepp et al (eds) Buchs, M., Smith G. and Edwards R. (2011) Low Carbon Practices: a third sector research agenda, TSRC May 2011 working paper 59. Anderson, R.C. 1998. Mid-Course Correction. Perengrinzilla: Atlanta, GA. Bansal, P. (2002) The corporate challenges of sustainable development. The Academy of Management Executive 16: 122131. Bansal, P. (2003). From issues to actions: The importance of individual concerns and organizational values in responding to natural environ-mental issues. Organization Science 14: 510527. Hillebrand, B. and Biemans, W.G. (2011) Theory-testing using case studies: a comment on Johnston, Leach, and Liu. Industrial Marketing Management 30: 651657. Jacobs, M. (2013). The Green Economy: Environment, Sustainable Development, and the Politics of the Future. Pluto: London. Meadows, D., Meadows, L. and Randers, J. (2012) The Limits to Growth: a Report for the Club of Romes Project on the Predicament of Mankind. Earth IslandPan: London. Jarzombek, M. (2003) Sustainability, Architecture and Nature. Between Fuzzy Systems and Wicked Problems. Thresholds, 26, 5456. Ingersoll, R. (2012) The Ecology Question and Architecture. In The Sage Handbook of Architectural Theory; Crysler, C., Cairns, S., Heynen, H., Eds.; Sage: London, UK; pp. 573589. Pyla, P. (2008) Counter-Histories of Sustainability. Volume, 18, 1417. Carson, R. (2012) Silent Spring; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, MA, USA. Hagan, S. (2008) Digitalia. Architecture and the Digital, the Environmental and the Avant-Garde; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA. Chang, J.H. (2012) Tropical Variants of Sustainable Architecture. In The Sage Handbook of Architectural Theory; Crysler, C., Cairns, S., Heynen, H., Eds.; Sage: London, UK, pp. 602617. Guy, S. and Farmer, G. (2001) Reinterpreting Sustainable Architecture: The Place of Technology. J. Archit. Educ., 54, 140148.

Rainbows Essays - Rainbow, Moonbow, Observational Astronomy, Sky

Rainbows A rainbow is one of our atmosphere's most exquisite and marvelous creations; "one of the most spectacular light shows observed on earth" (Ahrens, 1998). When a person views a rainbow, they are getting a personal light show that no other person can see as they do. Humphreys points out that: "Since the rainbow is a special distribution of colors (produced in a particular way) with reference to a definite point - the eye of the observer - and as no single distribution can be the same for two separate points, it follows that two observers do not, and cannot, see the same rainbow." (Humphreys, 1929). Of course, a camera lens will record an image of a rainbow which can then be seen my many people (Lynds, 1995). A rainbow is essentially made up of seven brilliant colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet; moreover, it is comprised of many coloration that the eyes cannot see. No painter can manufacture the colors of the rainbow, for they create color by mixing, but no mixing will give red, green, or purple. These are the colors of the rainbow, though between the red and the green an orange color is often seen (Aristotle, 350 BC). To understand how the awesome production of a rainbow occurs is a feat of physics and mathematics. The two most important ingredients are light and drops of water. The manner and position in which the light and water droplets transverse, and the reactions between the two, are complex formulas of nature. Additionally, certain circumstances make it possible for a rainbow to occur. You cannot have a rainbow without some source of light. It is possible to create an artificial rainbow utilizing artificial light, but for this paper, I will only use instances and circumstances of naturally occurring light which produce naturally occurring rainbows. The sun is nature's primary source of rainbow creating light; however, occasionally, the light of the moon can produce a rainbow. For a lunar rainbow to occur the conditions have to be just right. The moon has to be a full moon, which only happens once a month. The light of a full moon is a faint light, so the lunar rainbow will never be as prominent as the solar rainbow. Additionally, the full moon has to be either rising or setting. A naval officer, V. E. Mikkelson, described his reaction when he learned that the spotlight he saw was actually a lunar rainbow: The strange phenomenon I was viewing was a rainbow generated by moonlight! It was being formed by moonlight passing through rain trailing from one of the fluffy cumulus clouds. The rainbow was composed of the standard colors, but they were softer and paler than those generated by direct sunlight. They were what I can only describe as pastel. I was truly entranced. I have seen many of nature's beauties, but none have ever impressed me so powerfully (Mikkelson, 1994) This is a rare phenomenon. Captain Mikkelson has been a seaman for over twenty years and has only viewed this one lunar rainbow; moreover, he has spoken to numerous career seamen and none reported ever seeing such a magnificent sight. Another essential component of the rainbow is drops of water. Again, water drops from sprinklers or the sprays emitted from waterfalls can produce a rainbow, but I will focus on water drops that fall from the sky. A raindrop is nature's reflective mirror in the sky. The smooth, yet internally curved, surface of a raindrop can refract and reflect light. A typical raindrop is spherical in dimension and thus has a symmetrical effect on light. Lynds (1995) points out that the "purity" of the colors of the rainbow depends on the size of the raindrops. Large drops (diameters of a few millimeters) give bright rainbows with well defined colors; small droplets (diameters of about 0.01 mm) produce rainbows of overlapping colors that appear nearly white. When it rains, the droplets are never the same exact size and shape; thus, a rainbow occurs in a range of colors. Sunlight slows and bends when it enters a raindrop. Some of the light strikes the back of the drop at such an angle that it is reflected within the drop, this is the critical angle of 48?. Any angle greater than this and the light bounces off the back of the raindrop and is internally reflected towards our eyes. Each light ray bends differently from the others, so each angle is slightly different; therefore, the light is dispersed into a